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Hydroxycarbamide, also known as Hydroxyurea, belongs to a class of medications that work by interfering with DNA synthesis, slowing down the rapid growth and division of certain cells in the body. In sickle cell disease, it works by increasing the production of fetal hemoglobin, which helps reduce the sickling of red blood cells and can lower the frequency of painful crises and other complications. In chronic myeloid leukemia and certain other blood cancers, it helps control the overproduction of abnormal blood cells, supporting better disease management. Hydroxycarbamide is also used in some cases of essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera, conditions involving excess blood cell production. The medication is taken orally, with dosing carefully individualized based on the specific condition being treated, body weight, and blood count monitoring. Regular blood tests are an essential part of treatment, helping healthcare providers adjust the dose to maintain effectiveness while monitoring for changes in blood cell counts. Many patients with sickle cell disease experience a meaningful reduction in pain crises and hospitalizations with consistent, long-term use. Ongoing follow-up with a healthcare provider helps ensure the treatment continues to meet the individual's needs safely. As with all medications affecting blood cell production, Hydroxycarbamide should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider experienced in managing the specific condition.